BiPAP may be preferred in more severe cases of sleep apnea, or when another diagnosis such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is present. Both BiPAP and another therapy, called adaptive servo-ventilation (ASV) therapy, are used to treat central sleep apnea, which occurs when the brain temporarily stops sending signals to the respiratory muscles.
This article explains the differences between CPAP and BiPAP, as well as ASV. It provides information about various reasons for their use, as well as how BiPAP and CPAP machines work, their cost, and more.
CPAP Therapy
The standard treatment for obstructive sleep apnea is the use of a machine that provides support to keep your airway open while you are asleep. This can be accomplished with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP).
In CPAP, a constant flow of pressurized room air is provided via a face mask. There are also portable travel CPAP devices available.
The pressure setting of this airflow is often determined by a doctor based on your needs. This may be evaluated as part of a sleep study or can be estimated based on your risk factors, such as your anatomy and weight.
An effective pressure setting is meant to prevent both apnea and snoring and should reduce the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) below five, as well as improving the other symptoms associated with sleep apnea.
An associated type of therapy is AutoCPAP, or APAP, in which a range of pressures are provided by the device. If resistance in the upper airway (at the level of the soft palate or base of the tongue in the throat) is detected, the pressure delivered will self-adjust within a prescribed range.
BiPAP or Bilevel Therapy
A similar therapy is called bilevel, or BiPAP, but it differs in important ways. BiPAP is an abbreviation trademarked by the manufacturer Respironics for bilevel positive airway pressure. (It is called VPAP by the other major manufacturer, ResMed.)
The “bilevel” component refers to the fact that there are in fact two pressures, which the machine is able to alternate between. This allows you to breathe in with higher pressure and breathe out against a slightly lower pressure.
This may help those who are struggling to acclimate to CPAP. It may improve air swallowing (called aerophagia). It may also help with claustrophobia. Bilevel may be required when pressures are higher to improve comfort, especially at PAP pressures that are 15 centimeters (cm) of water pressure or higher.
Do I Need CPAP or BiPAP?
People with the most common form of obstructive sleep apnea usually start treatment with CPAP or AutoCPAP. Bilevel, or BiPAP, is more often used to treat central sleep apnea, which is characterized by pauses in breathing without obstruction of the airway.
Central sleep apnea may occur more often in people who have had heart failure, a stroke, or in those who chronically use narcotic pain medications. It can sometimes be caused by CPAP itself, but this rarely persists beyond the first few months of use.
The BiPAP device may be set to compensate for these pauses in breathing by kicking in an extra breath as needed.
Some devices are quite sophisticated, varying the airflow that is delivered to compensate for respiratory and neuromuscular disorders that affect breathing as well. These disorders include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and other conditions.
Setting Options
Beyond CPAP and BiPAP, there are additional settings of the machines that can be ordered by your sleep specialist. Many machines, often with the prefix “Auto,” have an automatic feature that allows a range of pressures to be used.
Auto devices can be of both the CPAP or bilevel variety. The device is able to respond to subtle collapses in the airway and can turn up the pressure as needed during the night. This may be helpful if sleep apnea worsens due to changes in sleep position (such as lying on one’s back) or due to REM sleep causing increased events.
There is also a type of bilevel that can deliver timed breaths (often called bilevel ST). This can ensure that a minimum number of breaths per minute are occurring. This may be important in central sleep apnea.
What Is ASV Therapy?
Finally, there is another sophisticated machine called auto or adaptive servo-ventilation (ASV) that has even more features to maintain normal breathing in sleep. It can vary the volume of air delivered as well as the speed at which the lungs are inflated and deflated, among other settings.
These devices are often reserved for people who need extra ventilatory support due to underlying neuromuscular, cardiac, or pulmonary diseases.
A Word From Verywell
You don’t have to sort this out on your own. Your sleep specialist should be able to make the proper determination of your therapy needs based on the results of your sleep study and your assessment in the clinic. Discuss your options at your visit and be in close contact if you experience any difficulties with the treatment of your sleep apnea.
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