Bloating may be caused by how and what you eat, abnormal reactions to food, or certain medical conditions. How you relieve bloating depends on what’s causing it.
This article looks at the causes and symptoms of bloating plus how to treat and prevent it, and when it’s concerning enough to call your healthcare provider.
Bloating Symptoms
Symptoms of bloating include:
Your stomach may stick outFeeling full and/or uncomfortableThe skin around your stomach may feel stretched and tight
Depending on the cause, bloating may be accompanied by other symptoms like cramping as well.
What Causes Bloating?
Bloating tends to be linked to certain foods and beverages, as well as eating habits that cause the build-up of gasses in the digestive system. But there are other potential causes as well.
How You Eat
If you have regular bloating, the first thing to do is take a look at your eating habits.
Eating too much: Bloating happens when you put more into your stomach than it can easily handle. Eating too fast: Eating quickly can cause you to swallow a lot of air, which can lead to bloating.
What You Eat or Drink
What you eat or drink can also lead to bloating.
Gum and carbonated beverages: These can increase the amount of air you swallow. High-fiber foods: These can increase healthy gut bacteria, which can cause bloating if you aren’t used to eating them. Alcohol: Wine, beer, and hard alcohol may cause temporary bloating by irritating your stomach lining.
Food Sensitivity, Intolerance, and Allergy
Food sensitives occur when your body isn’t able to process certain substance. When you eat foods containing that substance, it triggers an immune reaction that produces symptoms but is not life-threatening (as an allergy can be).
Common substances that can trigger food sensitivities and intolerances are:
Gluten, a protein found in wheat and other grains, for reasons that are yet unknown Lactose, a sugar in dairy products, in people who lack the enzyme needed to digest it
Food allergies can range from mild to life-threatening. A substance in food you’re allergic to triggers an immune-system response that leads to symptoms, including bloating.
Common food allergies include:
EggsMilk and other dairy productsPeanutsTree nuts
Health Conditions
Several medical conditions can cause bloating and other digestive symptoms. Common ones are:
Constipation: Stool backed up in the bowels; may occur alone or as a symptom of another condition Celiac disease: An autoimmune disorder; gluten passing through the small intestine triggers an immune-system attack Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): A gastrointestinal disorder often triggered by particular foods or beverages, which vary from person to person
Bloating can also be caused by the hormonal fluctuations that occur during menstruation.
When to See a Healthcare Provider
Bloating is rarely a sign of a serious medical problem.
If you notice that you become bloated after eating certain foods, bring it up to your healthcare provider. You may have a food sensitivity or intolerance.
Call for an appointment if you have long-term bloating that doesn’t respond to changes in eating habits or OTC treatments. It may be due to certain conditions that need to be diagnosed and treated.
Besides those conditions already mentioned, this includes kidney or heart failure—both of which can cause fluid to accumulate in the abdomen.
Bloating Treatment
Most bloating doesn’t need medical care. To manage it on your own, you can try:
Movement: Walking and other simple exercise can help get the digestive system moving Abdominal self-massage: Also can help get gasses moving through the digestive tract Over-the-counter (OTC) medications and supplements: Can help ease or prevent bloating
OTC medications and supplements for bloating include:
Antacids containing simethicone: Adhere to bubbles in the stomach so gas is more easily released Pepto-Bismol (bismuth subsalicylate): May help reduce bloating caused by an upset stomach Beano (alpha-galactosidase): An enzyme that breaks down complex carbohydrates into more digestible sugars so they don’t cause gas Lactaid (lactase): Provides the enzyme needed by people with lactose intolerance Probiotics: “Good” bacteria that help maintain the health of the digestive system; available as supplements and in foods like yogurt and kefir
How to Prevent Bloating
To keep yourself from getting bloated, you can:
Eat slowlyHave smaller meals with healthy snacks in between so you don’t overeatEliminate trigger foods from your dietAvoid carbonated beveragesDon’t chew gumCut down your alcohol consumptionWhen increasing dietary fiber, go slowlyGet checked for medical conditions and, if you have one, follow your treatment regimen
It may help to see a dietitian, who can help you make positive changes to your diet and eating habits.
Summary
Bloating—when your abdomen sticks out more than usual—is usually accompanied by a feeling of fullness and discomfort. However, it is rarely something to worry about.
Bloating can be caused by eating habits like eating too quickly or too much, certain foods and beverages, constipation, or hormonal changes related to the menstrual period.
But bloating can also have a medical cause that requires diagnosis and treatment, including IBS, food sensitivities, food intolerances, food allergies, and even heart or liver failure.
Many OTC medications may help relieve bloating. If you continue to have frequent bloating, make an appointment with your healthcare provider.
